Reducing Cr6+ in electroplating wastewater with Bacillus cereus strain B1 / Reducción de Cr6+ en aguas residuales de galvanoplastia con una cepa de Bacillus cereus B1 / Redução do Cr6+ em águas residuais de galvanoplastia com cepa de Bacillus cereus B1

Abstract In this study Bacillus cereus was used to evaluate the Cr6+ reducing capacity in electroplating effluents. The Cr6+ bioreduction assays were carried out using real wastewater (RWW) from an electroplating plant and artificial wastewater (AWW), with and without added glucose. The AWW was prepared using Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr salts, simulating RWW concentrations. The Cr6+ concentration and bacterial growth were monitored three times a day for the duration of five days. Also, were evaluated the effects of wastewater on B. cereus B1 morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Cr6+ reduction percentage of 100 % was reached for AWW containing glucose, of 71 % for AWW without glucose, of 75.6 % for RWW with glucose, and of 31.7 % for RWW without glucose. Despite the low reduction percentage obtained for RWW without glucose, concentrations of ± 0.14 mg/L of Cr6+ were reached, which were within allowed limits (0.5 mg/L of Cr6+ ). Electron Microscopy showed alterations in the bacterial cell wall and a decrease in size, mainly in the bacteria exposed to RWW. The results allow us to propose B. cereus B1 as a promising microorganism for use in the bioremediation of effluents containing Cr6+.

Resumen En este estudio se utilizó Bacillus cereus para evaluar la capacidad de reducción de Cr6+ en efluentes de galvanoplastia. Los ensayos de biorreducción de Cr6+ se llevaron a cabo usando agua residual real (RWW) proveniente de una planta de galvanoplastia, y agua residual artificial (AWW), con y sin adición de glucosa. El AWW se preparó usando sales de Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb y Cr, simulando concentraciones de RWW. La concentración de Cr6+ y el crecimiento bacteriano se monitorearon 3 veces al día durante 5 días. También se evaluaron los efectos del agua residual en la morfología de B. cereus B1, usando microscopía electrónica de barrido. Se alcanzó una reducción del 100 % en AWW con glucosa, de 71 % en AWW sin glucosa, de 75.6 % en RWW con glucosa y de 31.7 % en RWW sin glucosa. A pesar del bajo porcentaje de reducción obtenido en RWW con glucosa, se alcanzaron concentraciones de ± 0.14 mg/L of Cr6+, que están dentro de los límites permitidos (0.5 mg/L de Cr6+). La microscopía electrónica mostró alteraciones en la pared de la célula bacteriana y una disminución en tamaño, principalmente en las bacterias expuestas a RWW. Los resultados nos permiten proponer a B. cereus B1 como un microorganismo promisorio para uso en biorremediación de efluentes que contengan Cr6+.

Resumo Neste estudo se utilizou Bacillus cereus para avaliar a capacidade de redução do Cr6+ em efluentes de galvanoplastia. Os ensaios de biorredução de Cr6+ se realizaram usando água residual real (RWW) proveniente de uma planta de galvanoplastia, e água residual artificial (AWW), com e sem adição de glicose. A AWW se preparou usando sais de Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb y Cr, simulando concentrações de RWW. As concentrações de Cr6+ e o crescimento bacteriano se monitoram 3 vezes ao dia durante 5 dias. Também se avaliaram os efeitos da água residual na morfologia de B. cereus B1, usando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Obteve- se uma redução de 100 % em AWW com glicose, de 71 % em AWW sem glicose, de 75.6 % em RWW com glicose e de 31.7 % em RWW sem glicose. A pesar do baixo percentual de redução obtido em RWW sem glicose, alcançaram-se concentrações de ± 0.14 mg/L de Cr6+, que estão dentro dos limites permitidos (0.5 mg/L de Cr6+). A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou alterações na parede da célula bacteriana e uma diminuição no tamanho, principalmente nas bactérias expostas a RWW. Os resultados nos permitiram propor a B. cereus B1 como um microrganismo promissório para o uso em biorremediação de efluentes que contenham Cr6+.

Evaluación de la mutagenicidad causada por metales pesados presentes en agua del río Cauca en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia / Mutagenicity evaluation caused by heavy metals found in Cauca river water in the city of Cali, Colombia / Avaliação de mutagenicidade causados por metais pesados encontrados na água do rio de água Cauca na cidade de Cali, Colômbia

Se evaluó la mutagenicidad del agua del río Cauca debida a la presencia de metales pesados en la zona urbana de la Ciudad de Santiago de Cali, a partir de muestras tomadas en la temporada seca y lluviosa en el año 2013. Los metales se extrajeron pasando el agua por la resina Amberlite XAD-16. Las concentraciones de los metales pesados se midieron por absorción atómica y la mutagenicidad se evaluó por medio del test de Ames, con las cepas TA98 y TA100 de Salmonella typhimurium con y sin activador enzimático S9. Los resultados mostraron índices de mutagenicidad (IM) positivos (IM > 2,0) para muestras colectadas en temporada lluviosa en tres de los cinco puntos evaluados: puente El Hormiguero (IM = 3,6), desembocadura del Canal Colector Sur (IM = 2,9) y desembocadura del río Cali (IM = 2,7), todos con la cepa TA98 sin S9. Estos sitios presentaron a su vez las mayores concentraciones totales de metales pesados en sus extractos. El análisis de la variación espacio-temporal del índice mutagénico se realizó haciendo un análisis de varianza multifactorial del IM. Los resultados encontrados indican que la época de muestreo contribuye significativamente a la variabilidad del IM , mientras que los puntos de muestreo no.

The mutagenicity of the Cauca River water due to the presence of heavy metals was evaluated in the urban area of the city of Santiago de Cali, from samples taken during the rainy and dry season of 2013. The metals were extracted from water samples using the resin Amberlite XAD-16. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption and mutagenicity was evaluated by the Ames test, using the TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium with and without the S9 enzymatic activator. The results showed mutagenicity indices (MI > 2.0) in three of the five points evaluated: El Hormiguero Bridge (MI = 3.6), the mouth of southern collector channel (MI = 2.9) and the mouth of Cali River (MI = 2.7), all with strain TA98 without S9. These sampling points in turn presented the highest total concentrations of heavy metals in the extracts. The determination and analysis of spatio-temporal variation of the mutagenic effects obtained was done by conducting multifactorial variance analysis of MI, finding that the effect of sampling season contributes significantly to the variability of MI unlike the sampling points.

A mutagenicidade da água do rio Cauca, devido à presença de metais pesados foi avaliada-na área urbana da cidade de Santiago de Cali, a partir de amostras coletadas durante as estaçãoes chuvosa e seca em 2013. Os metais foram extraídos, passando a água pela a resina Amberlite XAD-16. As concentrações de metais pesados foram medidas por Absorção Atômica e a mutagenicidade foi avaliada através do teste de Ames, com TA98 e TA100 de Salmonella typhimurium estirpes com e sem S9 activador da enzima. Os resultados mostraram índices de mutagenicidade positiva (MI > 2,0) para amostras coletadas na estação chuvosa em três dos cinco pontos avaliados: El Hormiguero ponte (MI = 3,6), foz do canal coletor (IM = 2, 9) e foz do rio Cali (MI = 2,7), todos com a linhagen TA98 sem S9. Esses locais, a presentaram as maiores concentrações totais de metais pesados em seus extratos. A determinação e análise da variação espaço-temporal do índice mutagénico foi realizada utilizando-se a análise de variância multivariada do IM, sendo encontrado que o efeito da época de amostragem contribui significativamente na a variabilidade de IM ao contrário dos pontos de amostragem.

[The effect of chromium removal by algae-bacteria Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodomelaceae) consortia under laboratory conditions]. / Efecto de la asociación alga-bacteria Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodomelaceae) en el porcentaje de remoción de cromo en laboratorio.

Water pollution is one of the most important environmental problems worldwide. Recently, biotechnology studies have oriented efforts to study algae-bacterium consortia with the aim to understand the mechanisms to find a possible solution in environmental sciences. This study determined the percentage of chromium removal by the alga-bacterium association exposed to a set of different chromium concentrations under controlled in vitro conditions. Wild plants of Bostrychia calliptera associated with bacterial populations were collected from Dagua River, Pacific coast of Colombia, and were monitored in the laboratory. The trial was conducted with synthetic seawater in bioreactors at two chromium levels: 5 and 10mg/L, and four different experimental treatments: i) algae-bacteria (AB), ii) algae with antibiotic (AA), iii) algal surface sediment, Natural Bacterial Consortium (CBN), and iv) the control without algae or bacteria. The experimental design followed a model of two factors (chromium concentration x combination types) with repeated measures using one factor. The microbial population behavior and the chromium concentration percentage were monitored by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). According to the data, Algae-bacteria (AB) treatment was the most efficient combination at 10mg/L (87%), whereas the bacterial consortia (CBN) was the most efficient at 5mg/L (62.85%). The results showed significant differences of chromium uptake between algae-bacteria (AB) and natural bacterial consortia (CBN), meaning the importance of those treatments in the chromium removal from coastal waters.

Efecto de la asociación alga-bacteria Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodomelaceae) en el porcentaje de remoción de cromo en laboratorio / The effect of chromium removal by Algae-bacteria Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodomelaceae) consortia under laboratory conditions

Water pollution is one of the most important environmental problems worldwide. Recently, biotechnology studies have oriented efforts to study algae-bacterium consortia with the aim to understand the mechanisms to find a possible solution in environmental sciences. This study determined the percentage of chromium removal by the alga-bacterium association exposed to a set of different chromium concentrations under controlled in vitro conditions. Wild plants of Bostrychia calliptera associated with bacterial populations were collected from Dagua River, Pacific coast of Colombia, and were monitored in the laboratory. The trial was conducted with synthetic seawater in bioreactors at two chromium levels: 5 and 10mg/L, and four different experimental treatments: i) algae-bacteria (AB), ii) algae with antibiotic (AA), iii) algal surface sediment, Natural Bacterial Consortium (CBN), and iv) the control without algae or bacteria. The experimental design followed a model of two factors (chromium concentration x combination types) with repeated measures using one factor. The microbial population behavior and the chromium concentration percentage were monitored by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). According to the data, Algae-bacteria (AB) treatment was the most efficient combination at 10mg/L (87%), whereas the bacterial consortia (CBN) was the most efficient at 5mg/L (62.85%). The results showed significant differences of chromium uptake between algae-bacteria (AB) and natural bacterial consortia (CBN), meaning the importance of those treatments in the chromium removal from coastal waters.

Para determinar el porcentaje de remoción de cromo en la asociación alga-bacteria, se tomaron ejemplares del alga Bostrychia calliptera de pneumatóforos de Avicennia germinans y Rizophora mangle, en la desembocadura del Río Dagua, Pacífico colombiano. El ensayo se realizó in vitro en agua marina sintética a dos concentraciones de cromo 5 y 10mg/L, empleando biorreactores con cuatro tratamientos; i) material Alga-Bacteria (AB), ii) material algal con antibiótico Alga-antibiótico (AA), iii) consorcio bacteriano natural (CBN) y iv) control sin presencia de B. calliptera ni bacteria. Se monitoreó el comportamiento de poblaciones bacterianas y el porcentaje de disminución de cromo mediante AAS (Espectroscopía de absorción atómica). Se obtuvo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos Alga-bacteria (AB) y el consorcio bacteriano natural (CBN), siendo Alga-bacteria más eficiente a 10mg/L (87%). El consorcio bacteriano natural CBN obtuvo mayor porcentaje de remoción a bajas concentraciones de cromo a 5ppm (62.85%). Los resultados mostraron una interacción positiva entre las bacterias asociadas (CBN) a la superficie del alga roja B. calliptera en su proceso acumulativo de cromo.